Statute Of Limitations / Virginia / Debt

Virginia Statute of Limitations on Debt

Written by Ascend Team
Updated May 9th, 2024
The information provided in this article does not, and is not intended to, constitute legal or financial advice; instead, all information, content, and materials available in this article are for general informational purposes only. 

The statute of limitations for debt in Virginia is 5 years for written contracts (Source: § 8.01-246) and 3 years for oral contracts (Source: § 8.01-246). 

Please note that general credit card agreements would be considered written contracts. Let's go through the debt specific laws regarding the statute of limitations in Virginia.

Virginia Statutes of Limitations Calculator

If your debt is within the Virginia statute of limitations, you may want to know if a debt collection judgment would lead to a wage garnishment in Virginia and how much would be garnished. 

Below is the statute of limitations and garnishments calculator to provide an estimate for you.


Debt Statute of Limitations in Virginia Laws

Written or oral debt contracts are different, so will explain how each of those work in detail below. For example, the unpaid debt in Virginia and the deadline for filing lawsuits depends upon the type of debt. 

The Virginia debt law below (Source § 8.01-246):

4. In actions upon (i) any contract that is not otherwise specified and that is in writing and not signed by the party to be charged, or by his agent, or (ii) any unwritten contract, express or implied, within three years.

Next, let's cover how written and oral contracts work.

Written Contracts and Open Accounts

The statute of limitations in Virginia for filing a lawsuit to collect most debts arising from a written contract is 5 years. The statute setting the deadline is § 8.01-246.

The Virginia law states the following:

2. In actions on any contract that is not otherwise specified and that is in writing and signed by the party to be charged thereby, or by his agent, within five years whether such writing be under seal or not

For Virginia, examples of these accounts may include, but are not limited to:

  • Promissory notes
  • Credit cards
  • Mortgages
  • Car loans
  • Furniture accounts
  • In-store credit cards/accounts
  • Gym memberships
  • Personal Loans
  • Medical Contracts

Therefore, the debt might be uncollectible if you have not made a payment on the account in over four years. However, there are situations we discuss below that could “re-start” the statute of limitations on old debts.

Oral Contracts

Lenders have 3 years in Virginia to file a lawsuit for breach of an oral contract. 

An oral contract includes a promise to pay. These types of agreements can be enforced, but they are much more challenging to collect. 

First, the lender must prove that an oral contract existed wherein you promised to repay a debt. A shorter statute of limitations encourages lenders to pursue these debts while there may still be evidence the debt existed.

You can find the Virginia oral contract law below (Source § 8.01-246):

4. In actions upon (i) any contract that is not otherwise specified and that is in writing and not signed by the party to be charged, or by his agent, or (ii) any unwritten contract, express or implied, within three years.

Judgments

A creditor or debt collector may file a debt collection lawsuit to receive a judgment. A judgment is a court order stating that you owe a debt. It gives the holder additional legal remedies to collect the debt, such as seizing assets and wage garnishment in Virginia.

The statute of limitations for a judgment in Virginia is 20 years. 

However, the creditor could ask the court to renew the judgment. If so, the deadline to collect a judgment could be longer than 20 years. Therefore, the creditor could try to collect on the judgment if you receive money or assets that are not exempt from collection or your income increases.

You can find the Virginia judgement law below (Source §8.01-251(a)):

A. No execution shall be issued and no action brought on a judgment, including a judgment in favor of the Commonwealth and a judgment rendered in another state or country, after 20 years from the date of such judgment or domestication of such judgment, unless the period is extended as provided in this section.

Can You Be Sued if the Debt Is Beyond Statute of Limitations?

A creditor could file a lawsuit on an old debt even though the statute of limitations has expired. It is up to you to file an answer to the lawsuit alleging the statute of limitations has expired. You must also appear in court to argue the defense to the judge.

However, it is illegal for debt collectors to threaten to file or file lawsuits on time-barred debts under the Fair Debt Collections Practice Act (FDCPA). However, the Rosenthal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act covers more types of collectors and provides additional protections for California residents.

Under the Rosenthal Act, “debt collector” refers to original creditors, collection agencies, and other parties who collect consumer debts in the regular course of business. The Rosenthal Act applies to consumer credit transactions only. However, it expands protections for consumers.

For example, debt collectors (including original creditors) must tell you if the statute of limitations has expired. It has to include this notice in the first communication sent to you after the deadline passes. (CIV §1788.14) Furthermore, collectors cannot file a lawsuit for a time-barred debt. (CCP §337d)

If you believe a creditor has violated debt collection laws, you can file a complaint with the Virginia Attorney General's Office. You can also file a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission or the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. In addition, you might be able to file a lawsuit against the collector for damages.

    Important Note!   

Laws regarding statutes of limitations for debts are complicated and can be confusing. The specific facts and circumstances of your case determine the law that applies to a specific debt. For example, the contract or documents you signed to obtain the debt could make the debt subject to laws in another state. An experienced lawyer analyzes the facts of your case and applies the applicable laws to determine your legal rights and options for dealing with old debt.

What Happens if a Debt Collector Is Calling Me to Collect Debt Beyond Statute of Limitations?

Technically, you still owe the debt. Statutes of limitations only set deadlines for filing lawsuits. They do not erase the debt you owe unless there is a specific law in Virginia that eliminates your legal liability for a debt.

Therefore, unless the expiration of the statute of limitations terminates the debt, the debt collector can continue to contact you and ask you to pay the debt. In this case, it is crucial you do not do anything that could extend or waive the statute of limitations for a debt.

Actions that could waive or restate the statute of limitations could include:

  • Acknowledging that you owe the debt
  • Accepting a settlement offer
  • Making a payment on the debt
  • Entering a payment plan
  • Making a new charge on the same account
  • Accepting a disbursement or cash advance
  • Agreeing to pay off some of the debt

Warning!  Be very careful when you talk to a debt collector or creditor about your debt.

They might try to get you to say something or take an action that could restart the statute of limitations. If you cannot repay the debt, it could be best to avoid talking to the debt collector or creditor without first speaking with a bankruptcy lawyer or debt collection lawsuit attorney. An attorney advises you about your legal rights and options for dealing with time-barred and old debts.

Are Old or Time-Barred Debts Still On My Credit Report?

Typically, negative information remains on your credit report for seven years from the delinquency date. A bankruptcy filing stays on the account for seven to ten years depending on whether the case is a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy. After the time limit expires for a debt, it should drop off your credit report.

You can dispute errors on your credit report. The CFPB provides detailed information on its website about disputing errors on credit reports, including a sample letter. You can also access information for disputing errors from the Federal Trade Commission, including links to the three credit reporting agencies and sample letters and dispute forms.

What Should I Do About Old Debts That I Cannot Pay?

You can deal with old debts in several ways.

Pay Off the Debt

 First, you may pay off the debt in full, if possible. However, if the statute of limitations has expired, you might not be legally liable for the debt. You may look to talk with a lawyer before in a free consultation paying an old debt in full.

If you do not intend to pay the debt, you might want to avoid speaking with the creditor or debt collector. You could do or say something that could restart the statute of limitations. However, you SHOULD NOT ignore a debt collection lawsuit. Talk with a bankruptcy lawyer immediately if you receive a lawsuit. Remember, paying a partial payment or acknowledging the debt could restart the statute of limitations.

You might want to explore debt payoff planning if you have disposable income. Our Savvy debt payoff planner can help you prioritize your debts to pay them off quickly to save interest and get out of debt faster.

Virginia Debt Relief

Other options to resolve old debt include Virginia debt relief. Debt settlement could work if you have a large sum of money to negotiate lump sum payments for your debts. However, when the creditor “writes off” the remaining debt, it could cause you to owe income taxes for that year. The written-off debt remains on your credit report, which could negatively impact your credit score. Debt settlement companies can be deceiving. They offer to help you get rid of debts, but they often charge high fees, and your creditors do not have to work with them.

Filing Bankruptcy 

Filing bankruptcy in Virginia is an option that can help eliminate unsecured debt. The two most common bankruptcies are the Chapter 7 bankruptcy in Virginia and the Chapter 13 bankruptcy in Virginia

When you do not have any money left over each month to pay your debts after paying your living expenses, you might consider filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. A Chapter 7 bankruptcy case can eliminate unsecured debts as soon as four to six months after filing. Use our free Virginia Chapter 7 calculator to see if you qualify to file Chapter 7. Please note that you generally have to qualify for the Chapter 7 bankruptcy using the Virginia bankruptcy means test. Also, the total cost to file bankruptcy in Virginia is $338 for a Chapter 7 bankruptcy and $313 for a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, not including attorney fees.

If you can afford to pay some of your debts or need help keeping your home or car (potentially because your equity exceeds the Virginia bankruptcy exemptions), a Chapter 13 bankruptcy might be the best way to resolve your debt problem. Through a court-monitored repayment plan, you can reorganize your debts into an affordable monthly payment to get rid of debts in as little as three to five years. A Chapter 13 bankruptcy can also prevent foreclosure and repossession. Try our free Virginia Chapter 13 calculator to estimate your payment for a Chapter 13 plan.

Summary

There are specific statute of limitations in Virginia on debt, specifically written or oral agreements. Hopefully this article helped you understand how each of them work, the timeframe for the debt, and options you can pursue if your debt is within statute of limitations, but you cannot pay. Take the free debt statutes and wage garnishment calculator below for an estimate for you.